An overview powerpoint on the conduct of study.

1. Preventing Seizures: The Size of the Thalamus After an Epileptic Seizure Seizures By: Peter Satonick

3. result in seizure treatment done continuously over time

4. epileptics must take medicine 2-4 times per day, every day, over periods of many years

5. epileptics become frightened that a seizure will occur at any time

6. Ex. Supermarket lady – won’t step a foot outside

7. 70% of epileptics wish to commit suicide

8. 26% of these patients actually take their lives

9. Therefore, seizure = large emotional turmoil = effect families, destroy relationships

11. during seizures - dimensions of the hippocampus reduced in width

12. Scientists continued to execute studies on the hippocampus

13. have not conducted research on the thalamus,

14. thalamus – attached to back of the hippocampus.

15. When completing this study on the thalamus

16. great disparity of volume in the thalamus

18. Hope that this study will lead to future prevention of seizures

19. Thalamus

20. The “mail sorter” of the brain

21. When information travels to the brain, it first goes to the thalamus

22. The thalamus then sorts out the information and sends the information to the a cortex of the brain

25. 30 fMRI of “epileptic symptomed” individuals

26. 30 fMRI of epileptic individuals

27. Microsoft Word

28. Microsoft Excel

29. MathWorks MatLab R2010b®

30. MatLab R2010b® plug-in download

31. MatLab R2010b® ZOOM-in plug-in download

32. MatLab R2010b® magnetic grabber tool

33. Ti-84 Plus Silver Edition by Texas Instruments

34. SMART Board Interactive Whiteboards by SMARTtm

35. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience Part 1 by Badawy, Harvey, and Macdonnell

36. Epilepsy and Behavior by Kovac, Deppe, Mohammadi, Schiffbauer, Dogan, and Evers

37. Lab notebook

38. DELL Scanner

39. USB flash drive strictly used for MatLab files ONLY

40. Access to a home computer

41. Neuroscience by: Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick, Hall, LaMantia, McNamara, and White

42. Amity High School 501 Computer Lab

43. Amity High School Library/Media Center

44. Mentor: Robert Wickham, B.S., Dr. Todd Constable

46. Procedure Continued 12.Obtain 30 fMRIs of patients who have had seizures from mentor Robert Wickham B.S. 13.Scan the 30 fMRIs into MatLab R2010b® via “MatLab Picture Uploader” 14.Use MatLab to record the volume of the thalamus in each scan 15. Record, interpret data, and graph data 16. Repeat steps 12-15 with 30 fMRIs of patients with seizure symptoms 17. Repeat steps 12-15 with 30 fMRIs of patients with no seizure/symptoms 18. Search for decreases in size of thalamus among three groups 19. Draw conclusions from data to see if hypothesis is correct/incorrect

48. 3D pixels

49. 1mm cube

50. In this image:

51. L: 7mm

52. W: 3mm

53. H: 7mmBecause V= L*W*H V= 147 mm3 7mm 3mm 7mm

55. L: 4mm

56. W: 1mm

57. H: 3mmBecause V= L*W*H V= 12mm3 3mm 3mm 1mm 1mm 4mm 4mm

58. MatLab Here, we can see an example of how MatLab uses voxels to calculate the volume of an image. The scale on the right indicates the depth of the image that’s volume is being calculated.

59. Volume of Thalami of Epileptic Individuals

60. Volume of Thalami of Individuals w/ Symptoms of Epilepsy

61. Volume of Thalami of Non-Epileptic Individuals

62. Average Size of Thalamus (cm)

64. If a patient is in danger of having a seizure, the size of the individual’s thalamus will indeed shrink significantly.

65. Individuals who have had no record of seizures certainly had a larger thalamus, in terms of volume, than those who have experienced seizure symptoms.

66. On average, those who have experienced no seizures or symptoms had a thalamus of approximately 562.19nm while those who experienced seizure symptoms had an average thalamus volume of 121.09nm.

67. The average volume of epileptic individuals was 494.07nm smaller than that of a non-epileptic individual.

68. This data illustrates that the hypothesis was proven to be correct.

71. world contains millions of epileptic individuals

72. this experiment contains only thirty.

73. researcher will continue to test fMRIs of different patients

74. Widen three categories to four or five categories

75. Allow for more types of individuals to be tested

76. Ex. epileptics on meds, epileptics off meds, etc.

77. Live MRI scanning

78. Physically put the individual into an MRI machine

79. With aid from the mentor Robert Wickham and Dr. Todd Constable

80. more data at a faster pace.

82. Badawy, Radwa, Anthony Harvey, and Richard Macdonnell. "Cortical Hyperexcitability and Epileptogenesis: Understnading the Mechanisms of Epilepsy - Part 1 & 2." ELSEVIER, 2008. Web. 05 Jan. 2011.

83. "]Brain Stem Seizures (author's Transl)]." PubLMed. Web. 03 June 2010. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/258639>.

84. "Chapter 6: What Happens inside People's Brains When They're Depressed? How Brains Reshape during Mood Disorders W/ Epilepsy." PsychEducation. Web. 11 May 2010. <PsychEducation.org>.

85. "Depression and the Birth and Death of Brain Cells » American Scientist." American Scientist Online. July-Aug. 2000. Web. 10 May 2010. <http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/depression-and-the-birth-and-death-of-brain-cells/4>.

86. Kovac, Stjepana, Deppe Michael, Siawoosh Mohammadi, Hagen Schiffbauer, Wolfram Schwindt, Moddel Gabriel, Mujgan Dogan, and Stefan Evers. "UCL Discovery - Gelastic Seizures: A Case of Lateral Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Review of the Literature." UCL Discovery - UCL Discovery Unlocking UCL Research. 2009. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. <http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/87279/>.

88. Simple Test Can Detect Signs of Suicidal Thoughts in People Taking Antidepressants." Science Daily: News & Articles in Science, Health, Environment & Technology. 11 Apr. 2010. Web. 04 May 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/04/100409093411.htm>.

89. "SpringerProtocols: Abstract: 9. Functional Neuroimaging of Spike-Wave Seizures." SpringerProtocols. Web. 02 June 2010. <http://www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-543-5_9>.

90. Badawy, RA. "Cerebral Connections and Spread of Epileptiform Activity." Journal of CLinical Neuroscience #16 (2009). Print.PICTURES http://twistedphysics.typepad.com/cocktail_party_physics/images/fmri.jpg http://blogs.abc.net.au/photos/uncategorized/2008/06/27/picture_1.png http://blogs.abc.net.au/photos/uncategorized/2008/06/27/picture_5.png http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/fmri_machine_scanner.jpg http://www.designworkplan.com/wp-content/symbol-sign-male-female.png http://www.thebrainwiki.com/uploads/Forebrain/thalamus.jpg http://www.neuroskills.com/images/brainstem.jpg http://vis-soft.com/uploads/posts/2010-09/1283708078_1mathworksmatlabr2010a.jpeg